Short review of myopia and its impact in the COVID-19 era

Abstract

Myopia, or near-sightedness, is a common childhood eye condition where images are focused in front of the retina, often due to excessive eye length or lens curvature. If uncorrected, myopia can lead to severe visual impairment or blindness. The global prevalence of myopia is rising, expected to affect nearly half of the world’s population by 2050, with significantly higher rates in East and Southeast Asia compared to other regions. In Malaysia, studies show varying prevalence rates among different ethnic groups, with ethnic Chinese children exhibiting the highest rates. Myopia negatively impacts quality of life, affecting children’s academic performance, social interactions, and mental health. Economic burdens are substantial, with high costs for corrective measures and myopia-related complications, particularly in older adults. The COVID-19 pandemic exacerbated myopia progression due to increased screen time and reduced outdoor activities during lockdowns. Studies suggest that near work, especially using smartphones and computers, significantly contributes to myopia development, while outdoor activities have a protective effect. To mitigate myopia progression, especially during pandemics, it is crucial for parents to promote balanced eye habits, encourage outdoor activities, and monitor digital device usage. Treatments such as defocus incorporated multiple segments (DIMS) lenses, atropine eye drops, and maintaining good eye habits can slow progression. Despite limited evidence, eye exercises may also be beneficial. Proactive measures and alternative treatments are recommended when prolonged confinement is necessary.